Kata hubung berpasangan ialah kata hubung yang digunakan secara berpasangan dalam satu ayat.
Kata hubung berpasangan baik… … mahupun. Digunaka nuntuk menyatakan maksud sama sahaja.
Contoh :
i. Baik Siti mahupun Ali, masing-masing mempunyai kebolehan tersendiri.
ii. Baik dalam keadaan susah mahupun dalam keadaan senang, penduduk kampong tetap bersatu.
Kata hubung berpasangan bukan sahaja…….. bahkan juga.Digunakan untuk menyatakan maksud serta atau di samping itu juga.
Contoh :
i. Amir bukan sahaja sombong bahkan juga bengis.
ii. Faezah bukan sahaja cerdik bahkan juga berbakat dalam bidang lakonan.
SENTENCE ADVERBIALS (as a result, besides, moreover) are used to link ideas between two sentences. Sentence adverbials usually come at the beginning of a sentence and we usually place a comma after the sentence adverbial. Sentence adverbials are important in constructing sentences especially in essay. Therefore, students are advised to master them in order to write impressive essays. The following are the rules (as a result, besides, moreover) that need to be followed by students when writing their essays.
SENTENCE ADVERBIAL ‘as a result’
a) We use ‘as a result’ as a link to show that what follows is caused by the idea in the previous sentence.
Example:
Fred was caught bullying. As a result, he was punished.
SENTENCE ADVERBIAL ‘besides’
a) We use ‘besides’ as a link to show that we are adding an idea to the idea in the previous sentence.
Example:
Television is entertaining. Besides, it is educational. (Sentence adverbial)
We stayed in a chalet beside a lake. (Preposition)
TRIGONOMETRY
(i) sin (-θ) = - sin θ
(ii) cos (-θ) = cos θ
(iii) tan (-θ) = - tan θ
To help students remember the above formulae, use the following solution:
Let θ be an acute angle. Then (-θ) lies in IV quadrant. The basic angle is θ itself.
(i) Sine ratio has a negative value in IV quadrant. So sin (-θ) = - sin θ
(ii) Cosine ratio has a positive value in IV quadrant. So cos (-θ) = cos θ
(iii) Tangent ratio has a negative value in IV quadrant. So tan (-θ) = - tan θ
Note:
These concepts can be extended to non-acute angles also.
COMMON MISTAKES
Example
sin (-30˚) = sin 30˚ (Wrong)
sin (-30˚) = - sin 30˚(Correct)
cos (-60˚) = - cos 60˚ (Wrong)
cos (-60˚) = cos 60˚ (Correct)
• A statement is a sentence which is either true or false but not both.
• Sentences which are questions, instructions and exclamations are not statements.
Example:
Determine whether the following sentences are statements or not.
(a) 8 + 2 = 10
(b) A decagon is a polygon with seven sides.
(c) List the first three numbers divisible by 6.
(d) Help!
Solution:
(a) Statement
(b) Statement
(c) Not a statement
(d) Not a statement
COMMON MISTAKES
Is the sentence below a statement or not a statement?
’18 is an odd number.’
Solution:
Students’ answer: Yes, it is a statement because it is true.
Correct answer: Yes, it is a statement because it is false.
Imperialisme
• Imperialisme membawa maksud dasar atau tindakan sesebuah negara meluaskan pengaruh dan wilayahnya dengan menjajah negara lain.
Faktor-faktor Imperialisme Barat di Asia Tenggara
• Kedudukan Asia Tenggara yang strategik
(a) Kedudukan strategik Asia di antara China dengan India.
(b) Kaya dengan bahan mentah dan hasil bumi.
• Revolusi Perindustrian
(a) Revolusi perindustrian menyebabkan pengeluaran pelbagai barangan kilang secara besar-besaran.
(b) Bekalan bahan mentah yang banyak dan berterusan diperlukan untuk menampung perindustrian.
• Sistem pengangkutan dan perhubungan
(a) Penggunaan kapal berkuasa wap telah mempercepatkan kegiatan imperialisme. Kapal lebih selamat dan boleh membawa lebih banyak muatan.
(b) Terusan Suez dibuka pada 1869.
• Persaingan kuasa-kuasa Barat
(a) Kuasa-kuasa imperialis yang mempunyai tanah jajahan luas akan disanjung tinggi oleh kuasa Barat lain.
(b) Keluasaan tanah jajahan melambangkan kekuatan dan kekayaan kuasa Barat tersebut.
• Beban orang putih dan tugas menyebarkan tamadun
(a) Kuasa-kuasa Barat mendakwa bangsa mereka lebih maju dan bertamadun.
(b) Mereka menganggap tugas dan tanggungjawab mereka yang lebih maju untuk memimpin orang sebelah Timur
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